Monday, September 30, 2019

Reaction Toward Formation of Malaysia

REACTIONS TOWARDS THE FORMATION OF MALAYSIA The proposal for the formation of the federation of Malaysia aroused various reactions from various segments whitin each of the potential Member State as well as neighbouring countries. Within potential member states, the proposal stimulated the sudden rise in political activities. Within the next several month following the Tunku’s announcement, several political parties had be formed to cater to various stands that began to emerge. Among the neighbouring countries, Indonesia and Philippines were among those whose reactions were clearly stated and expressed.There are many reactions from Sabah,Sarawak,Brunei,Indonesia and Philippines. In Sabah, there are political parties such as UNKO and USNO in Sabah gave a reaction on the issue of Formation of Malaysia. Sabah made several claims as a condition for joining the formation of Malaysia. They want to be joined to the new constitution of Malaysia to protect the rights of Sabah people. At the same time, they want to enter the extra-territorial rights manmade formation of the Constitution of Malaysia such as the national language.Finally, Sabah agreed to become part of the Malaysia because the leader’s solidarity and tolerance attitude had attracted Sabah to be with Malaysia. Next is in Sarawak. SUPP was facing internal division between its moderate wing led by Ong Kee Hui and the more radical wing led by Stephen Yong. Panas supported Malaysia on the basis that Malaysia would provide the security of Sarawak against communists and as mean of attending independence. Another Malay-dominated party, BERJASA was formed in December 1961. It was led by Datu Tuanku Haji Bujang.The party declared its opposition to communist but made no clear stand about Malaysia. SNAP opposed to Malaysia and PESAKA supported Malaysia but this support was not unreserved. Among the Chinese, another political party, the Sarawak Chinese Association (SCA) was formed in July 1962. It was to p rovide an alternative to SUPP and the leadership was more amenable to the Malaysia idea. The next reaction came from Singapore. Singapore still retained its initial interest in Malaya and was therefore, eager to merge with Malaya when Tunku Abdul Rahman made the proposal in 1961.The only opposition came from the Communist-dominated party, Barisan Socialis. Despite this, Lee Kuan Yew actively campaigned to support the merger. His efforts paid off and a referendum held on 1 September 1962 indicated that 71. 1% of the population of Singapore supported the merger. Singapore was promised autonomy in education, revenue and labour while the central government would be operating in Kuala Lumpur. Its free entreport status would also be maintained. Like Singapore, Brunei was equally keen on the merger, since its ruler, Sultan Ali Saifuddin was hoping to gain protection from a larger country like Malaya.A. M. Azahari, the leader of the opposition party, Parti Rakyat, however, strongly opposed the merger and led a revolt against the government of Brunei, in which he was defeated. Azahari had an ulterior motive – to merge all the North Borneo territories and place them under the reins of Brunei. Eventually, Brunei changed its mind after the Sultan realized that he wouldn’t be given special rights above the other Sultans in Malaya and would have only limited oil reserves if Brunei merged with Malaya. Next is the Philippines.They opposed the idea of the formation of Malaysia because of several misgiving which is the first one is the Philippines President, Macapagal argued that the British had no right to transfer Sabah over which it had a claim that Sabah is a part of Philippines. This is because Sabah once was a part of Sulu Sultanate. Second, it argued that Malaysia was an artificial and unstable federationthat Malaysia cannot protect North Borneo from communism either from China or Indonesia but they can. Third, the was a ready a plan for MAPHILINDO, a loose confederation of Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines.MAPHILINDO was described as a regional association that would approach issues of common concern in the spirit of consensus. However, it was also perceived as a tactic on the parts of Jakarta and Manila to delay, or even prevent the formation of the Federation of Malaysia. The Iast one is the reaction from Indonesia. Indonesia disapproved of the new establishment due to their own ulterior motives. Indonesia, was hoping to merge with Malaya to form â€Å"Indonesia Raya† and at the same time, establish an independent North Borneo Federation comprising Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei.Sukarno at that time declared a Confrontation policy of on Malaysia from January 1963 to August 1966 to voice his objection of the formations of Malaysia. During this period, Indonesia put a halt to all diplomatic relations with Malaysia and launched an attack. Agents were sent to overthrow the Malaysian government and at the same time, create misun derstanding among Malays and Chinese. The confrontation came to an eventual end when Sukarno was replaced by Suharto as the president of Indonesia.Consequently, a peace treaty was signed between both countries in June 1966. As a conclusion, there are reactions that came from Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei, Singapore, Philiphines and Indonesia about Tunku’s idea to form Malaysia. In my opinion, the reaction from these countries did jeopardized Tunku’s effort to build a new nation consist of Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei, Singapore and Tanah Melayu and these reactions also threatened Tanah Melayu’s security at that time. But after so much efforts and hardworks, Malaysia was finally a reality on 16 September 1963.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Difference between Qualitative and Quantitative Research Essay

The first question asked by any researcher with a new topic to study is: ‘What sort of research should I use?’ Reference to the literature can be confusing: so much research has been done, so many questions asked and sometimes answered, and so many conclusions have been drawn that it can be difficult to sort out one research technique from another. The decision most beginners to research find taxing is: ‘Should I use quantitative or qualitative methods?’At the most basic level, quantitative research methods are used when something needs to be measured, while qualitative methods are used when a question needs to be described and investigated in some depth. Often, the two methods are used in tandem to provide measurements for comparison and evaluation and to give an in-depth explanation of the meaning of an idea. Quantitative researchThe words themselves hold the clues. Quantitative research includes so-called benchtop science (where experimental tests are carried out), drug trials (where the effects of drugs are measured), epidemiology (where rates of illnesses in populations are calculated), intervention studies (where one technique is used and its effects compared with another), and so on. Quantitative research usually contains numbers, proportions and statistics, and is invaluable for measuring people’s attitudes, their emotional and behavioural states and their ways of thinking. In one section of a study on child care in hospitals, I asked a group of parents to give a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ response to a range of questions on their attitudes to paediatric hospital care (Shields 1999). I then measured the number of ‘yes’ answers and compared them with responses from nurses and doctors to the same questions. The study showed differences in attitude between parents and staff that could have affected communication between them and influenced the delivery of care. In another example, a researcher in Iceland measured the most important needs of parents during their children’s admission to hospital and found that they rated emotional needs as more important than physical requirements, such as rest and food (Kristjansdà ¶ttir 1995). Qualitative researchQualitative methods are used when the meaning of  something needs to be found. Exploring the question: ‘Who owns a child in hospital?’ (Shields et al 2003), or examining the meaning of an experience, illness, or condition, for example, of what it means to be a mother whose child has died (Laakso and Paunonen-Ilmonen 2001), are all forms of qualitative research. Qualitative research usually has no measurements or statistics but uses words, descriptions and quotes to explore meaning. It can even use arts techniques, such as dance (Picard 2000). The question to ask when planning a research project, therefore, is: ‘Do I want to count or measure something, or do I want to find the meaning of something, and describe it?’ Which comes first? This is sometimes a chicken-and-egg question but if no one has investigated the topic before, qualitative research is used first to try to tease out ideas, which can then be turned into questions — that can be tested quantitatively REFERENCES Kristjansdà ¶ttir G (1995) Perceived importance of needs expressed by parents of hospitalized two-to-six-year-olds. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. 9, 2, 95-103. Laakso H, Paunonen-Ilmonen M (2001) Mothers’ grief following the death of a child. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 36, 1, 69-77. Picard C (2000) Pattern of expanding consciousness in midlife women: creative movement and the narrative as modes of expression. Nursing Science Quarterly. 13, 2, 150-157. Shields L (1999) A Comparative Study of the Care of Hospitalized Children in Developed and Developing Countries. Doctoral thesis. Brisbane, University of Queensland. Shields L et al (2003) Who owns the child in hospital? A preliminary discussion. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 41, 3, 1-9.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 8

Book Review - Essay Example Callon and his co-authors state that they cannot leave decisions regarding, â€Å"GMOs, mad cow disease (BSE), treatment of household waste, gene therapy, nuclear waste, asbestos, genetic diagnosis, cell phones, and tobacco†2. In addition to the above issues, these authors discuss regarding the anthropogenic problem of global warming, which they admit that remains a challenge to global leaders. Examining all that have been said concerning global warming, one realizes the impact of decisions made regarding the problem of global warming. Particularly, the authors address the impacts of global warming in the wake of industrialization in the Third World countries, which have merely realized the economic benefits of industrialization such as lengthened lifespan and food security. This book is essential since it focuses on the decisions to be made by the specialists concerning various issues affecting the lives of many people around the globe. This paper provides a book review of Callon and co-authors’ book: Acting in an Uncertain World: An Essay on Technical Democracy. To begin, it is essential to understand the fact that Callon et al. do not want to replace the democratic institutions. Through their book, they try to explain the significance of these institutions being enriched, improved, expanded, and extended to create a technical democracy. They further indicate that it is essential to make our democracies, â€Å"absorb the arguments aroused by science and technology†3.The authors are solely interested in hybrid forums since they are open space where groups come together with the aim of discussing the collective options representing heterogeneousexperts, lawyers, technicians, laypersons and politicians. These are some of the people involved in the decision-making process concerning the problem facing people in an uncertain world. The problems are considered hybrid because they must be

Friday, September 27, 2019

Art and cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Art and cinema - Essay Example Beyond the artist or producer’s annotations on technology, often the audience is made aware of the fragile nature of portraying time within the work. Using a few film clips and reading examples, the paper will expound on the complex relationship between film and photography. Roland Barthes’ writing â€Å"The face of Garbo† clearly reflects one of the many intrinsic relationships between cinematography, film, and photography. In his work, Barthes idealizes actress Greta Garbo’s image. Garbo was undoubtedly one of Hollywood’s most beautiful women in the 1930s; these was a period were imagery and film were akin. Before Hollywood’s golden age of the 30s, demand for photos and images for actors was just starting to take root. The 1920s saw the demand actors and actresses’ photos rise. With these demand, photography of many actors became idealized. Some critic even believed that many actors would be nothing without their photography. Greta Garbo’s photographs portray a specific mood, a type of flavor, a larger than life feeling. In the movie Camille Garbo, evoke similar sentiments to the audience. In the movie, Greta plays the role of Marguerite Gautier a beautiful young woman who eventually becomes known as Da me Camille. For years, Camille’s beauty was her main source of livelihood. Her beauty seduces one Baron de Varville to cover her finances. Garbo’s looks in the movie Camille plunge the audience into an elation that has equal magnitudes as her photos. The last twenty years have seen exponential improvement in technology. The fields of film and photography have not been left out in this aura. Today, Photoshop is prevalent in virtually all-photographic work in the internet, galleries and museums. In her work, â€Å"The Ballad of Sexual Dependency† photographer Nan Goldin is concerned about this implication. The ballad of sexual dependency spans from 1976 to the 80s is a work of reality and depicts Goldines life. Goldin has an intrinsic

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Argument Paper on Gay Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Argument Paper on Gay Marriage - Essay Example Gay marriage should not be allowed because it is unnatural, does not provide a child with both a mother and father, and does not fall under the jurisdiction of the government. Also, a counter argument will be given to the view that not allowing gay marriage is discriminatory. Marriage has always been thought of as between one man and one woman. The reason for this is simple—the main objective of marriage is to continue the human race. Gay people cannot make a child together because it is not physically possible. Of course, gay couples can adopt children or use a surrogate, but this is not the same as producing a child themselves. There is a reason why only one man and one woman can make a baby, and that is because they have the necessary means to do so. A man and a woman getting married further cements their relationship and helps confirm to their children that they will remain committed to one another for a very long time. Gay couples cannot have children together, so there i s no reason to allow them to marry. They should be thought of along the same lines as a heterosexual couple who choose to have a fling. They do not want to have a child together, and that is why they do not get married. Gay people should be able to act in the same way, but demanding marriage is going too far. How a child is brought up plays a significant role in how they act when they become adults. Parents have the greatest single influence over a child because they have the most to do with them. While it cannot be denied that having two parents is better than one, it can also be argued that having a parent of each gender helps a child to grow more. Recent research has shown that â€Å"fathers make some unique contributions† in their children’s lives (Eggebeen). Each gender has certain qualities that they can offer a child, and a child should benefit from all of these qualities rather than just one set of them. Two fathers or two mothers cannot fulfill a child’ s emotional needs because there will always be something missing. This is not to say that gay parents don’t try hard, it’s just that two parents of the same gender can only offer so much. Having parents of different genders means that one parent will make up for where the other one lacks and vice-versa. There has always been fierce debate among many religions over their different points of view, but one thing that nearly every major world religion can agree on is that gay marriage should be prohibited. The reason why virtually every religion believes this is because marriage is something that was invented long before any government came around. Thus, it should not be up to the government to decide who can and cannot get married; marriage is a religious institution. Senator Jim DeMint says that â€Å"the government [is] legitimizing and promoting behavior that culturally we have always considered wrong† (Mantyla). Besides being a religious institution, marriage i s also a cultural institution. It is true that culture is something that can evolve over time, but the concept of marriage has been set in stone for many thousands of years, and there is no reason to change that now. For the government to claim ownership of marriage, it would have to prove that it invented the institution of marriage. However, it did not. The only thing that the government does is legally recognize marriages so as to offer tax breaks and provide

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Research paper on Marie Curie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

On Marie Curie - Research Paper Example Marie spent most of her entire life in France, married scientist Pierre Curie, got two kids (Irene and Eve), and devoted her life to scientific research that led to her discovery, and two Nobel prize awards in physics and chemistry. She was a woman subjected to humiliation and discredit because of her affair after the death of her husband. This was associated to her scientific work and was an effort to bring her reputation down. Today, most of her work and discoveries are subjects to reference in medical fields, and have contributed a lot to the evolution of cancer treatment, X rays, and development of nuclear weapons. Keywords: Marie Curie, Pierre Curie, Discoveries, Radium and Polonium, Russian Government, Warsaw, Paris, Sorbonne, Nobel Prize, Radium Institute, Science, Research , Laboratory, X Ray, Nuclear Introduction Marie Curie is one of the greatest role models for women in the contemporary world. She was confronted by numerous plights that continue to impede women’s su ccess in workplace domains to this day. Her life, character, actions, and decisions were shaped up by her experiences as she grew up, the people she interacted with in her early life, and the motivations she had to change people’s ideologies, and prove capable of contributing into the scientific revolution. Women have for a long time been left out in important factors of development. Their perceptions are still ignored to certain extents in the society, which makes them feel that they can only accomplish with the help of great men by their side. Marie broke off from that stereotypical ideology and demonstrated her great intuition and tenacity to succeed in scientific evolution, even in the trying times and circumstances that linked her personal life with her work. Marie Curie passed through difficult and tempting moments, ranging from loosing some her family members at a young age, rejection in studies based on the existing law in her country, catering for her education and h er family when she moved to Paris, not to mention the hard decisions she had to make to strike a balance between her work, desires, and family. She confronted her situations with determination and perseverance, despite lack of recognition to her efforts in scientific discoveries, but tactically used any available opportunity to defend her course till she convincingly earned it. The Early life of Marie Curie Marie Curie was originally born in Poland at a time of political difficulties in a place called Warsaw. Marie was the last among five children in her family, and lived between 7th November 1867 and 4th July 1934 (â€Å"Polish Girlhood,† n.d.). Her original name was Maria Sklodowska and her childhood nickname was Manya. Numerous wars between the existing European monarchs and the local Poland’s revolts, the resulting treaties, political issues and instabilities had led to disintegration of Poland, which ended up affecting Warsaw’s economic and social structure s. The communities and reds of Poland at the time had made numerous attempts for revolution against the dictatorship monarchs, who had deprived them for a long period. Marie was born when Poland was under the Russian government. Russian governors had been placed in charge of different regions of the land, and continued to execute their repressive rule on the people. Warsaw, Lithuania, and Ruthenia were the major active locations in former Poland, whose populations exhibited political demonstrations and uprisings to challenge the Russians. Russian rule gained strength

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Assessing IT Security Measures of HSBC Bank Coursework

Assessing IT Security Measures of HSBC Bank - Coursework Example Pre defined and anticipated risks have to be assessed meticulously and the adequacy of safety measures has to be ascertained to incorporate all the necessary and change and improvements required in the security systems. This current study aims to identify the various security issues that have blemished HSBC’s image and status in the recent past. The report also features the security policy that has been redefined by the organization in order to mitigate the anticipated risks along with the advanced security features that have been installed in the systems for assuring safety and security to its clients. INTRODUCTION HSBC has encountered numerous instances of data theft that has affected thousands of customers. Data reveals that almost 24,000 clients have suffered financial losses. In the year 2006, almost 9000 customers holding an account in HSBC Switzerland had their account data pilfered (Barrett L, 2010). After such incidents, it became necessary for the bank to incorporate significant improvements to its data security measures and the system as a whole involving technology in order to upgrade the current status. Such revisions added to the overall cost burden of the organization almost $93 million (Barrett L, 2010). ... However such information was shared between the administrators and home office staff that created unwanted problems for the firm. After analyzing the current case, it can be said that security issues have greatly tarnished the organization’s reputation and image. A huge amount of fine the largest fine ever imposed in UK, approximately 5% million dollars was forced on three HSBC firms for implementing ineffective and inadequate security measures (Barrett L, 2010). LITERATURE REVIEW There are numerous threats faced by an organization in the modern times, but till now there has been no single or uniform strategy that could be adopted by organizations as one comprehensive policy to resolve the issues or mitigate the challenges right from hardware to software, from core to application and from local issues to broad network problems ( Chen L, Dan Feng D & Ming L, 2007). With the rapid advancement and growth in the IT sector, parallel developments have also been witnessed in their il legal and unethical use (Ditzion R, Geddes E, & Rhodes M, 2003; Maher M K & Thompson J. M, 2002). The negative consequences of cyber crime are tremendous causing financial and economic loss both to the organization as well as the economy. The irony is that such crimes require too less a resources and equally low technical expertise. Past data reveals that almost 5percent of US based organizations including banks have been attached by computer virus and hackers which have caused huge losses to the firms and their clients (Barr K, Beiting M & Grezeskinski A, 2003). In a research conducted by Meier D, Mackman A, Dunner M, Vasireddy S, Escamilla R & Murukan A (2006), a systematic process of an attacker’s methodology was analyzed in-depth

Monday, September 23, 2019

How does communicaton influence ones sense of identity Essay

How does communicaton influence ones sense of identity - Essay Example Therefore communication and ones sense of identity are two interrelated concepts. People can’t live without communication with each other, it is impossible not to talk to other people, not to share information. A sense of identity is a certain filter that helps to structure and organize information and communicative strategies relevant to an individual: â€Å"The concepts and information relevant to the self also have an instrumental influence on decisions to pursue particular goals† (Sense of Identity). In its turn, communication is a certain measurement of individual’s sense of identity. Individuals’ sense of identity varies; therefore it is natural that every performer of a certain social role communicates in a different manner. For example, self-assured individuals are more direct and energetic communicants. Uncertain individuals are more tolerant or even passive communicants in comparison with the active communicants mentioned above. This observation can be explained in the following way: the society imposes its social roles on individuals; social stereotypes make every individual to perceive another with regard to the social role he plays. Consequently, a process of communication reflects the way individuals perceive themselves (i.e. their sense of identity), the way individuals perceive each other: in the process of communication â€Å"we learn how others see us, and we internalize many views of the world and of who we are and should be† (Communication and personal identity). Nevertheless, there are basic principles of successful communication. These are: attentive and valuable attention paid to an interlocutor; respect, courtesy and patience. Basically, if to comply with these basic principles, then sense of identity of every interlocutor won’t decrease. Vice versa, in the process of a favorable communication the assessment of self-identity of any communicator is increased (Communication and personal identity). The easiest way to trace the connection between self-identity and communication is to consider it in practice. The clearest example is daily communication with our family members. The opinion of the closest relatives, of our beloved people influence the way we consider ourselves. This communication takes place from the first days of our life and forms our first identity, so it is very important and essential. In the paradigm of the following concepts we’ll consider this interrelation: direct definition, identity scripts and attachment styles. Direct definition is the way our family members ‘label’ us (little boy, a big girl etc). Parents’ gender roles are usually transferred to their children. Thus, what children value in future depends on values imposed on them by their parents in their childhood. Identity scripts are â€Å"rules for how we are supposed to live and who we are supposed to be† (Communication and personal identity). Family values and heritage are reflected in identity scripts. They are transferred to children in the process of communication and thus a sense of identity is pre-shaped in identity scripts. The last concept is attachment styles. This concept implies the way parents impose on us how to treat and relate to others. Generally, a child develops a sense of a positive sense of self-worth (Communication and personal identity). Therefore communication and sense of identity are two related concepts. Communication represents a certain measurement of

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Misdemeanors and The Courts Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Misdemeanors and The Courts - Case Study Example Unfortunately, they were not planning on a local policeman being on the campus that night. They were caught and cited for vandalism of school property. Now this type of crime is punishable by up to no more than one year in jail and Henry had a court date last week at the Silverton district court. He checked in at the magistrate court office and pled not guilty to his charge in front of the judge. Because vandalism is a misdemeanor offense and his first offense, he was not required to have a jury trial. He had a court trial and was found guilty. The judge felt she had substantial evidence to find Henry guilty as charged. However, he did not feel there was sufficient competent evidence and decided to take the case a step further and appeal this decision made by the judge. He filed an official appeal with the appellate department of the superior court of the State of California. Henry hired an attorney to file a brief to the court on his behalf. Once the brief had been filed it was give n to a panel of justices for review and an oral argument was scheduled. During this oral argument the panel of justices asked Henry’s attorney questions about the night he was cited, evidence of innocence, etc†¦After hearing the argument and reviewing the briefs they submitted a written statement to the court claiming they believed Henry was guilty. He has now been found guilty by a trial judge and the mid-level court.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Company Case MKT 202 Essay Example for Free

Company Case MKT 202 Essay 1. Microenvironmental factors involve actors, who remain close to the company and they affect the company’s ability to serve its customer. The company, suppliers, marketing intermediaries, customer market, competitors, and publics all of these are part of microenvironment. Toyota Prius introduction and relaunch were affected by several microenvironmental factors. These factors are discussed below: a. Firstly, the Toyota Company itself was a major microenvironmental factor that affected its product at the very beginning. The marketing department of Toyota didn’t do enough promotional activities for its new vehicle. In a country like U. S. where as we all know all SUVs sell likes hotcakes, no one would really be interested to buy a dull hybrid car. Also the department involved in designing the product was too weak to attract customers at first. When it was launched people considered Prius to be small, cramped compact with a very dull design. Also due to its low horsepower, the pickup time was very long. The car took 14. 5 seconds just to go reach a speed of 60km/hr. No matter how much environmental friendly and energy saving the car was due to low promotional efforts by the company and also the dull design, the introduction of Prius was highly affected. Also, even if the car was worthy enough of a purchase because of its environment friendly quality and fuel saving, enough people didn’t hear about it. But later on, Toyota did make its new version and the marketing of the product was raised as the brand image developed. b. Secondly, as we all know, the presence of a competitor can really make it hard for a company to position its product well. During the time Prius was being launched it had to face, Honda as its competitor. Honda successful launched its insight even before Prius came to the market. Of course not to mention, vehicles like Hummer, Ford were already there before Prius to keep customer’s attention towards them. But Toyota did differentiate its product from its competitor on providing benefits which other competitors weren’t able to provide at a cheap cost. c. Third factor was the customer themselves, who were totally inclined towards the brands which they have been using all their lives like General Motors, Ford and others. So the international markets for Toyota in U. S. were pretty weak at first. But then again, as new version was developed with new style a design and as the car’s horsepower was improved it did get customer’s attention. 2. Macroenvironmental involves larger societal forces, which includes demographic, economic, natural, technological, political, and cultural forces. There were several macroenvironmental factors, which played a role in affecting the introduction and relaunch of Toyota Prius. The factors are discussed below: a. Firstly, demographic factors played a part in affecting Prius. Even though Baby Boomers and Gen X had people who were middle aged and old and were potential customers for Prius. But the Gen Y included the young bunches who were more into sporty and stylish vehicle, attributes which Toyota Prius lacked. Toyota simply didn’t speak Gen Y’ers language. But Toyota had been able to deal with it since people from Gen X’ers had environment conscious people who were a big market for Toyota. b. Secondly, cultural factors played a big role too. American culture has been prone in using 4-wheel drives and they simply didn’t want a weird looking car to be a part of their lives. Also, people view of society, under cultural factor, played a part too. A patriot American would buy his countries product rather than buying products from other countries. Another factor under culture is people’s view of organization. Companies like General Motors, Ford, Audi had a stronger brand image then Toyota during that period of time. As the time went, new version came out, Toyota was able to fit in the culture and the U. S. government on introducing various incentives on hybrid vehicles also helped it. c. Thirdly, technological factor. Technology has always been there making our lives a better and there has been so much competition in the market on providing superior technology that, some company have trouble to establish a image against those companies who have already established a strong position in the competition. Toyota was technologically inferior compared to its rivals like Audi, Ford, and GM. Also, Prius at its very initial stage was not the car which people took interest in driving because of its technical lacking. Low horsepower, high pick up time, dull design all of these affected its image. Toyota was able to deal with it on its new versions. 3. Toyota market strategy was first used on people who were techies. It focused on early adopters, techies who were attracted to the advanced new technology. Techies were so into the Prius that they started modifying it technically and paying a great deal of attention to it. Toyota was able to differentiate its product in a way that no other company could with such a low cost. That’s why Prius became the best car ever used in US. After absorbing large revenues from the techies, it used it second version to target a wider market segment. Toyota was able to serve the bigger segment which consisted of those people who were environmentally conscious and as well as those desirous of fuel efficiency. Toyota did an immense amount of spending on media to let people know about its second version. In future Toyota can improve its strategy by introducing the hybrid feature into several models of car it has and thereby making a greater sales in return. But it shouldn’t introduce the hybrid feature in all the cars, since if other competitors starts making the same kind of car and has better brand image, then Toyota can no longer differentiate its product. But as demand for hybrids go up, Toyota should maintain a steady production and invest on making other new types for serving other segments and maintain a balance.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Human Physiology and Anatomy Write Up

Human Physiology and Anatomy Write Up In the practical the systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured, heart and respiration rate, tidal volume, minute volume and % gas analysis at rest and immediately after a short period of exercise will also measured. The respiratory volumes will be measured by collecting expired air in a Douglas bag via a mouthpiece and a valve. Definitions Of Key Terms Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time typically expressed as beats per minute (bpm) which can vary as the bodys need for oxygen changes, such as during exercise or sleep.- Web definition Wikipedia Systole the contraction of the chambers of the heart (especially the ventricles) to drive blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery. Diastole the widening of the chambers of the heart between two contractions when the chambers fill with blood.- Web definition Wikipedia Blood pressure (BP) is a force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, and is one of the principal vital signs. During each heartbeat, BP varies between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure.- Web definition Wikipedia Respiratory rate (RR) is the number of breaths a living being, such as a human, takes within a certain amount of time.- Web definition Word Net Web Tidal volume is the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inspiration and expiration when extra effort is not applied. Typical values are around 500ml or 7ml/kg bodyweight.- Web definition Wikipedia Respiratory minute volume is the volume of air which can be inhaled (inhaled minute volume) or exhaled (exhaled minute volume) from a persons lungs in one minute.- Web definition Word Net Web Factors that were taken into consideration when working with a human subject, is health factors, is the person physically fit to stand the exercise. Mental stamina if the subject can withstand the pressures of lengthily exercises. Method: Ask a demonstrator to check that the Douglas bag is correctly connected to a mouthpiece, valve and three-way tap. Once seated comfortably on a bike, the subject should put on a nose clip, then breathe through the mouthpiece with the three-way tap open to the atmosphere for a short period for acclimatisation (Question why is this?). The tap should then be opened to the Douglas bag for five minutes during which time one observer measures the respiration rate using a stop watch and another observer obtains values for resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures as directed by the demonstrator. At the same time, another group member estimates the heart rate every 60 seconds. At the end of the 5 minute period the three-way tap is closed. The subject is now connected to a second Douglas Bag and using the bicycle ergometer provided, the subject should exercise for five minutes. NB, this should be light exercise only. As the subject exercises recorded the heart rate every 60 seconds as before. As soon as possible after the subject has stopped exercising the expired air should be collected in a Douglas bag (as above) but for only one minute, and measures of respiration rate and heart rate should be made for 5 minutes. Record blood pressures. Take a gas sample from each bag used and measure the volume of expired gases in each bag (a demonstrator will assist you). Gas samples should be analysed for % oxygen and carbon dioxide. You will be provided with % oxygen and carbon dioxide values for inspired room air. Using the method above, none of the format was changed. Dissuasion: In upright exercise with all factors remaining equal, systolic blood pressure slowly amplifies while diastolic blood pressure remains the same. Diastolic pressure may even decrease due to vasodilation, or the slight variation of blood vessels caused by the heart pumping harder to spread more oxygen throughout the body. Diastolic blood pressure is the extended at base blood pressure, when pressure is weakest, and systolic shows pressure at peak times, when heartbeats force blood through the veins. Since systolic pressure is unswervingly associated to how the heart functions, it is affected the most by exercise. However, since the type of exercise and the amount will force a change on the bodys blood pressure. Dynamic, or aerobic, exercise, will affect blood pressure another way from static exercises. Characteristically during exercise heart rate will increase, this is in direct to increase blood flow to the functioning muscles to allow for amplified respiration in order for the muscles to work well. Therefore the more exhausting the exercise, the more your heart rate will increase. Blood pressure will also increase during exercise and again depends on strength levels. During exercise such as running/cycling/swimming systolic pressure will raise steadily whereas diastolic pressure will increase only somewhat. Exercise in healthy people can lead to, arterial CO2 levels rise slightly with light, moderate, medium and sub-maximum exercise strength levels regardless of the route of breathing during exercise. Since CO2 is the influential vasodilation agent, total arteries and arterioles improve blood and O2 delivery to all vital organs of the human body, including the heart and brain. Vasodilation guarantees aerobic respiration in body cells making it likely for healthy people to benefit from aerobic exercise without any key problems associated to tissue hypoxia causing too elevated blood lactate, muscle spasms, injuries, low recovery rates, volatility, stress, poor sleep. Looking at the Graphs on the separate page, there seems to be no large variations in the data. As graph one show shows a nice trend, that when the subject is resting there heart rate is a normal pace, as they started exercising the rate slowly goes up, and as the subject begins to get into the recovery period, the subjects heart rates starts to settle down. Graph two and three show that O2 and CO2 levels in a subject that has been exercising. Referencing: Wiki Answers (Unknown) What Happens To Your Heart Rate And Blood Pressure- [Online]. Available from: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_happens_to_your_heart_rate_and_blood_pressure_during_light_exercise#ixzz1Fjg4LKbJ [Accessed: 01 March 2011] eHow.com (2003) How Does Blood Pressure Change During Exercise? [Online]. Available from: http://www.ehow.com/how-does_5163258_blood-pressure-change-during-exercise.html#ixzz1FjfoHxac [Accessed: 01 March 2011] Normal Breathing (Unknown) Effects Of Exercising On The Respiratory System , [Online]. Available from: http://www.normalbreathing.com/c-effects-of-exercise-on-the-respiratory-system.php [Accessed: 03 March 2011]

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Africa Essay -- essays research papers

The combination of individual and national power and the need to find a safe route to the trade markets of the Indian Ocean led the Europeans to the continent of Africa in the late 1400’s. They would soon discover the abundance of its natural resources and in the next four centuries would systematically trigger the breakdown African societies. These acts would lead the Africans to be integrated into an exploited and racially dominated labor structures that would spread throughout the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It began with the exploration of the Portuguese in and around western Africa in the late 1400’s to gain access to the Akan goldfields of West Africa. Once they gained access to these fields it helped finance future exploration round the southern tip of Africa and reach the trade markets of the Indian Ocean. They purchased silk, spices, perfumes and other goods, return it to Europe and sold it for a profit. They built the fort of Elmina in West Africa to protect their interests from other European countries who were also seeking fortune in Africa. When they reached the eastern coast of Africa it was amazed by the wealth of the Swahili States comprised of Zanzibar, Kilwa, Mombassa and Sofala, they wanted to seize them. They first sailed into the important towns and demanded the rulers to become Portuguese subjects and pay them tributes. When the rulers refused the Portuguese would raid the towns until they gave into them. They built a fortress called fort Jes ... Africa Essay -- essays research papers The combination of individual and national power and the need to find a safe route to the trade markets of the Indian Ocean led the Europeans to the continent of Africa in the late 1400’s. They would soon discover the abundance of its natural resources and in the next four centuries would systematically trigger the breakdown African societies. These acts would lead the Africans to be integrated into an exploited and racially dominated labor structures that would spread throughout the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It began with the exploration of the Portuguese in and around western Africa in the late 1400’s to gain access to the Akan goldfields of West Africa. Once they gained access to these fields it helped finance future exploration round the southern tip of Africa and reach the trade markets of the Indian Ocean. They purchased silk, spices, perfumes and other goods, return it to Europe and sold it for a profit. They built the fort of Elmina in West Africa to protect their interests from other European countries who were also seeking fortune in Africa. When they reached the eastern coast of Africa it was amazed by the wealth of the Swahili States comprised of Zanzibar, Kilwa, Mombassa and Sofala, they wanted to seize them. They first sailed into the important towns and demanded the rulers to become Portuguese subjects and pay them tributes. When the rulers refused the Portuguese would raid the towns until they gave into them. They built a fortress called fort Jes ...

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Crash Course :: Essays Papers

Crash Course Ever since I was young, I have had a fascination with bikes and motorcycles. I enjoyed reading and learning about them. As an adolescent riding my bike was a sort of nirvana for me. Interestingly enough, I was never very skilled at the art of bicycle riding. True, I did find it interesting and exciting, among other things, but I just wasn't any good at it. I would be willing to venture that the number of accidents I had on my bike would rival the totals of some race riders, although I was never that daring. Consequently, I walked away (most of the time) from those accidents with quite a few scars and just as many stories. My first accident happened not long after my maiden voyage. In fact it happened on my maiden voyage. I lived in a small, Leave it to Beaver type town (with more dirt and more hoodlums), all the kids on the street were skilled bike riders, and "riding bikes" was the most frequent use of playtime. At nine or ten years old, I was suffering from distinct feelings of inferiority because there were kindergartners on my block who could ride their bikes when I hadn't yet learned. To this day I haven't been able to decide what kept me from learning for so long. Being the only kid on the block who has to ride with training wheels is not a distinction most ten-year-olds would want to call their own. And I was no different. I hated feeling like a baby. In the summer of my tenth year I decided that I would put an end to this feeling of inferiority once and for all. I had it all planned out. While I was spending a week at my grandparents house, I would teach myself to ride a two-wheeler. I would go away a chump and come back a champ: the ultimate "Rags to Riches" story, at least that is what it would be to my ten-year-old mind. I got to work on my mission as soon as I arrived. I went to my grandparents shed behind their house and opened it, stepping into the sun-baked shed and smelling the familiar warm musty odor that I had expected. Then I saw it: the old copper finish sparkling where some rays of sunshine snuck in the door to help me find it. It was old, most likely older than I was.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

An Ethical Theory Applied to Business Organizations Essay -- Business

The object of this essay is to establish whether there is an ethical theory that can be successfully applied to business organizations. In order to answer this question, it is necessary first to define the major ethical theories, which are utilitarianism, deontology and virtue ethics, before determining whether there are any other options. After that, the ethical needs, problems and limitations of work organizations will have to be examined so that the different theories can be evaluated in this context. It will also be important to draw a distinction between the terms â€Å"accurate† and â€Å"useful† as these actually result in two different questions the answer to which need not necessarily be the same. Another essential part of this discussion is the more general question why there should be ethics in work organizations in the first place, and to what extent ethical behavior is feasible in the business world. Hopefully this will provide a framework within which the answer to the essay question can be included. To begin with, the â€Å"traditional† approaches to solving moral problems will be defined, namely those of act-utilitarianism and deontology. These are traditional not because they have existed longer than virtue ethics, but because for a long time they have been the approaches most commonly used as a basis for trying to solve ethical problems. After looking at these two moral theories, the approach of virtue ethics regarding moral dilemmas will be investigated in order to compare differences and advantages as well as problems. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. It adopts the consequentialist view that it must be right to make the world a better place and therefore the right action is the one that produces the best consequences. Utilitarianism takes this one step further and defines the action that will produce the best consequences as the one that produces the most happiness. Act-utilitarianism holds that each case should be judged separately in terms of which possible action would maximise happiness; this means that there are no rules to follow, but the theory seems to provide a decision-procedure to act upon in that one acts upon a principle of justice. Intuitively this seems to be an appealing solution to ethical dilemmas. To maximise happiness makes utilitarianism a noble ideal. Furthermore... ...usiness Ethics, Vol.19, No.3, April II 1999 Cicero: Selected Works. Penguin Classics, Harmondsworth - England 1971 Donaldson, D. and Davis, E.: ‘Business Ethics? Yes, But What Can it Do for the Bottom Line?’ Management Decision, Vol 28, 6, 1990 Legge, K.: ‘Is HRM ethical? Can HRM be ethical?’ in Parker, M. (ed.): Ethics and Organisations. Sage Publications - London 1998 Madsen and Shafritz Essentials of Business Ethics. Penguin Books 1990 McDonald, G.: ‘Business Ethics: Practical Proposals for Organisations.’ in Journal of Business Ethics, Vol.19, No.2, April I 1999 McNamara, C.: ‘Complete Guide to Ethics Management: An Ethics Toolkit for Managers.’ The Management Assistance Program for Nonprofits 1999 (http://www.mapnp.org/library/ethics/ethxgde.htm) McNaughton, D.: Moral Vision. Blackwell - Oxford 1988 Norman, R.: The Moral Philosophers. Clarendon Press - Oxford 1983 Pearson, G.: Integrity in Organisations. McGraw-Hill Book Company - London 1995 Richards, R.: ‘Cicero and the ethics of honest business dealings.’ The Online Journal of Ethics 1997 Townley, P.: ‘Business Ethics: Commitment to Tough Decisions.’ Vital Speeches, pp. 208-211, 1992 (Jan)

Monday, September 16, 2019

Market mix Essay

REPORT Table of content Identify key characteristics of the product. Review pricing policy Analyse the impact and importance 1. Promotional method 2. Channel of distribution 3. Level of customer service provided Establish the components of the marketing mix. Identify external environment factors Identify consumer priorities Assess the marketing mix Introduction Braaap began with the vision of making motorcycling more enjoyable and more accessible, enabling more people to experience what we love about motorcycling. Plan from the beginning was to build a World-Class Motorcycle that could compete with the custom built American race bikes, whilst still being affordable to the masses. With a dream of building a niche motorcycle brand, braaap founder Brad Smith set out to find manufacturing partners that could build the ultimate motorcycle with him. As an eighteen year old kid with nothing to offer but a vision, he and an interpreter visited over 50 motorcycle manufacturing plants; one by one getting laughed out of their offices. Finally he found manufacturing partners that believed in his vision, believed in the brand. We now have what we believe is the best motorcycle range of its type in the world. We are the only motorcycle brand on the planet with a lifetime warranty, and we are the only production bike to win back to back world championship s for our genre of the sport. Characteristics Braaap Motorcycles are the only Australian motorcycle company and the only dirt bike on the planet to offer a life time warranty and customised dirt bikes. With the option of over 1000 colour and sticker kit combinations there’s no wonder braaap are the category leader. 1. Braaap Pro 50cc The braaap PRO 50cc Is the Ultimate Kids bike! Designed in Australia and Backed by Lifetime Warranty the braaap Pro 50cc is Loaded with safety features and top level specs including disk brakes, category leading suspension, restrict-able throttle and electric start. 2. Braaap Pro 88cc – Youth Edition The kids 88cc braaap features all world class componentry as the adults 88cc but features a cut down seat to suit kids. The braaap 88cc is a perfect match for someone learning to ride, with a 4 speed semi centrifugal gear box this bike is packed with fun! 3. Braaap Street Superlite 125cc The Street Superlite is an exciting addition to the Australian designed braaap range. With a mission to take everything braaap represents and bring it to your daily commute. The street legal braaap SS 125cc is a superlight street legal motorcycle suited for the daily commuter or weekend riding with a power to weight ratio make every ride awesome. 4. Braaap Pro Factory 190cc The braaap Factory â€Å"RACE† Bike. Our â€Å"braaap factory 190cc† is the Ultimate Power house, race bread SUPERLITE machine. Featuring the Japanese Daytona Anima 190cc engine, French Frame, European Exhaust and Canadian Suspension the power to weight ratio will blow your mind! If you want to go fast and roost ya mates this is the bike for you. Marketing mix The largest moto fashion retrailer in AUS is the slogan of Braaap. The market mix strategies used at Braaap to become a successful company in business of dirt bike, pit bike and mini bike. Pricing, Promotion, Products, Channels of distribution and Customer Serviced are the key ingredients at Braaap. Pit bike, Dirt Bike, Mini Bike and their parts and accessories are available to shop online and in store. Braaap offers their own brand name bike or other major brands including: ProTaper, Renthal, Daytona, Elka and Castrol. Braaap refers their bike as the best dirt bike of its type in the world. It is assembled by Braaap’s mechanics base in Australia. There are 4 superstores branches around Australia. Not only bikes are the products at Braaap, other fashion accessories are the main products too. Action sports equipments, for example, helmets, riding gear, T-shirt, shoes, jeans and spare parts of bikes are available to shop. Pricing Policy and Customers Pricing At Braaap, the price of products is various. For the price of accessories and spare parts is divided into 4 ranges * $0 – $24.99 * $25 – $49.99 * $50 – $249.99 * and over $250 Objectives The main objective of the organisation is to make their products affordable for people for this reason, Braaap also offers the payment plan for those who cannot afford a bike with $3 a day for a bike. The law of demands is often referred as Consumer wants to buy more of a product at a low price and less of a product at a high price. This inversion of demand and price shows that the higher price of products the less willing to buy. However, there are amount of people who purchase a higher price product because they believe a product is better in quality. At Braaap, they offer the products to attach customers at different level. The main customer of Braaap is a young-adult who has a passion in this sport.

Brief History of Computer by Ajiboye Daud

LITERATURE REVIEW OF COMPUTER HARDWARE Computers have evolved from the fundamental principles of mathematical calculation and language processing. The computing systems of today are an outcome of the efforts and intellect of mathematicians, logicians, linguists and technologists from all over the world. Computer history comprises the evolutionary journey of computing systems, the timeline of operating systems as well as the history behind the development of a wide variety of computer software and hardware. Bellow is the computer history in brief and the evolution of computers. How did the different types of computers evolve? Here is a brief overview of the progress of computing technology from calculators of the 18th century right up to the modern-day digital portable computers. Year| Technology Used| Before 1801| Calculators were the earliest computing devices. They were the only computation tools for long years before the creation of computers. | 1801| The years that followed were dominated by the use of punched cards for computing. The users used to submit programming assignments to a computer centre using stacks of cards. The programs used to be queued for processing and execution. | 1930 – 1960| Desktop mechanical calculators were built during the 1930s. During the 1950s and the '60s, electronic desktop calculators came up. Analog computational technologies predominated this period. | 1940 – 1960| This span of time witnessed the emergence of the digital computing technology. Zuse Z3, ENIAC and EDSAC were some of the early digital computers. * First-generation computers were based on the von Neumann architecture. * The second generation computers were characterized by the replacement of vacuum tube by bipolar transistors. They were composed of printed circuit boards. | After 1960| These years witnessed the development of the third generation computers. They were based on integrated circuits. Computer systems of this period had large storage capacities and high processing powers. Multi-core CPUs became available in the 21st century. Laptops, palmtops, handheld PCs, notebook computers and tablet PCs are popular today. Computer development still continues. | Let us now look at the history and timeline of computing systems. Before moving ahead, it will be interesting to know when was the first computer made! Year| Event| 2400 BC| Abacus, the first known calculator was invented in Babylonia. It was a major step towards the era of computing that was to follow. 500 BC| Panini, an ancient Indian Sanskrit grammarian came up with the predecessor of the modern formal language theory. | 300 BC| Pingala invented the binary number system that serves as the foundation of computing systems the world over. | 1614| John Napier designed the system of movable rods, which used algorithms to perform the basic mathematical operations. | 1622| William Oug htred invented slide rules. | 1822| Charles Babbage devised the first mechanical computer. | 1937| John V. Atanasoff devised the first digital electronic computer| 1939| Atanasoff and Clifford Berry came up with the ABC prototype. 1941| The electromechanical Z machines by Konrad Zuse proved being an important step in the evolution of computers. | 1943| Colossus, which was able to decode German messages, was designed at Bletchley Park in Britain. | 1944| Harvard Mark I, a computer with lesser programmability was designed. | 1945| John von Neumann described a stored program architecture, for the first time ever. This architecture was the heart of the computer systems developed thereafter. This architecture, which came to be known as the von Neumann architecture is a part of every computer till today. 1946| The Ballistics Research Laboratory of the United States came up with the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC). It was the first general purpose electronic computer; but had an inflexible architecture. | 1950| The US National Bureau of Standards came up with the Standards Electronic/Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC). It was the first computer using diodes for handling logic. | 1951| Lynos Electronic Office (LEO), the first business computer was developed by John Simmons and T. Raymond Thompson. UNIVAC I, the first commercial computer was designed in the United States by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly. EDVAC, the electronic discrete variable automatic computer was introduced. | 1955| Bell Labs introduced its first transistor computer. Transistors made computers energy-efficient. | 1958| Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was formed. This year also witnessed the making of the first silicon chip by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce. | 1968| DEC launched the first mini computer known as PDP-8| 1969| The US Department of Defense founded the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). It was established with intent to develop a computer network and is the predecessor of the Internet. 1971| Microcomputers came up with microprocessors and Ted Hoff at Intel, introduced 4-bit 4004. | 1972| This year witnessed the creation of 8080 microprocessors by Intel. | 1973| A minicomputer that was called Xerox Alto was developed during this year. It was an important milestone in the development of personal computers. | 1974| Researchers at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center came up with Alto, which was the first workstation with an inbuilt mouse. It had a fair amount of storage capacity and offered menus and icons. It could also connect to a network. 1975| Altair came up with the first portable computer. The foundation of the present-day relationship between portability and computing was laid way back in 1975! Tandem computers, the first computers with online transaction processing capacities were born during this period. | 1979| By 1979, more than half a million computers were in use in the United States. This number crossed 10 million by 1983. | 1981| The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) was founded. It was during the same year that the first 32-bit chip was introduced by Hewlett-Packard. | 1982| Intel announced the 80286 processor. 1983| In this year, the Time magazine nominated personal computer for the title ‘machine of the year'. | 1985| Intel introduced the 80386 processor that consists of a 16MHz processor. | 1990| The World Wide Web was born. Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN, developed HTML. He came up with specifications such as URL and HTTP. He based the World Wide Web on enquiry-based system that used hypertext and enabled people to collaborate over a network. His first web server and browser became available to the public. | Till date| The development of newer versions of computer systems continues. | An operating system is that software component of a computer system, which deals with the management of the different computer processes and the sharing of computer resources. It hosts computer applications and handles computer hardware. Take a look at the major events in the history of operating systems. Before going ahead, you might like to take a quick look at the different types of operating systems. Year| Event| 1954| MIT came up with their operating system for UNIVAC 1103. | 1964| Dartmouth timesharing operating system was developed. | 1965| Multics was announced. However, it was opened for paying customers in October 1969. 1966| DOS/360 of IBM came up. | 1969| This year witnessed the development of the Unix operating system by AT;T. | 1976| CP/M was developed during this year. | 1980| OS-9 came up in 1980. | 1981| This year can be considered fortunate to have witnessed the development of MS-DOS. IBM had hired Paul Allen and Bill Gates to create an operating system in 1980. The y used the operating system manufactured by the Seattle Computer Products as a template to develop DOS. | 1984| Macintosh operating system came up in this year. | 1987| It was during this year that MINIX, BSD2000 and OS/2 were developed. 1988| RISC iX, LynxOS and Macintosh OS (System 6) came up during this year. | 1989| This was the time when the RISC operating system was developed. | 1991| It was in 1991 that Linux came up. It is a Unix-like operating system, which is a free software. It was during this year that Minix 1. 5 was developed and Macintosh came up with System 7. | 1992| Solaris, the successor of Sun OS 4. X came up during this year. | 1993| Plan 9, FreeBSD, NetBSD and Windows NT 3. 1 came up during 1993. | 1995| OpenBSD and Microsoft Windows 95 came up during 1995 | 1996| Windows NT 4. 0 hit the computing market in 1996. | 998| 1998 witnessed the release of Windows 98 as well of Solaris 7. | 2000| Windows 2000, which hit the markets in 2000, was the first Windows server operating system to drop the ‘NT' suffixed to its name. Windows ME, which was sold during this year, was the last operating system in the Windows 9x line. Red Hat Linux 6. 2E also came up during 2000. | 2001| Windows XP was launched and soon gained a wide popularity. Windows XP 64-bit edition followed in 2002. | 2002| Windows XP Service Pack 1 was released in 2002. | 2003| 2003 witnessed the launch of the Windows 2003 Server as also the release of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3. 2004| Windows XP Service Pack 2 was released in 2004. | 2006| Windows Vista hit the markets| 2008| Windows Vista Service Pack 1 and Windows Server 2008 came up in 2008. It was also during this very year that Windows XP Service Pack 3 was released. | Computers have always been the most efficient computational devices. They have high processing powers and are able to run and execute large programs. Programming languages serve as the means to write programs on computer systems. Thus, it is important to look at the timeline of the development of some of the major programming languages. Following is an overview of the important events in the history of computer languages. Year| Programming Language Developed| Before 1950| The ENIAC coding system was primarily used in computing| 1954-54| Fortran â€Å"0† was designed by a team at IBM. Fortran Implementation was developed by John Backus at IBM in 1957. | 1956-58| John McCarthy came up with the concept of LISP. | 1959| COBOL concept came up followed by its implementation that was developed by the Codasyl Committee in 1960. The LISP implementation was developed in 1959. LISP's successor, Common LISP, came up later in 1984. 1964| IBM came up with PL/I concept. PL/M followed years later in 1972. 1964 also saw the development of BASIC by Kemeny and Kurtz. | 1969| Ken Thompson developed the B language. | 1970| This was when Pascal was developed. | 1972| It was during 1972 that Smalltalk and Prolog were developed. One of the most important events in the history of computing was the development of C language. It was de veloped by Dennis Ritchie in 1972. | 1975| Scheme, the successor of LISP came up in 1975 as also Modula, the successor of Pascal. | 1978| SQL was developed at IBM in 1978. | 1979| REXX and AWK came up in 1979. 1980-83| C with classes was developed in 1980. Objective-C came up in 1982. 1983 witnessed the development of C++, one of the very popular languages till date. | 1985| PostScript and Object Pascal belong to 1985. | 1987| Perl that derives some of its features from C, as also from AWK, sed and sh evolved in 1987. | 1991| Van Rossum came up with Python. Visual Basic, developed by Alan Cooper, came up in the same year. | 1993| Ruby, which is considered a successor of Smalltalk and Perl, came up in 1993. | 1994| PHP was born in 1994. | 1995| ColdFusion belongs to 1995. It was during this year that James Gosling at Sun Microsystems came up with Java. | 1996| Javascript was born in this year. ECMAScript, its successor came up in 1997. | 1999| XSLT, a language based on XML by the W3C and the Game Maker Language by Mark Overmars were born in 1999. | 2000| The D language and C# came up in 2000. | 2006| The development of Windows PowerShell by Microsoft was one of the significant events in computing that took place in 2006. | Looking at the speedily advancing computing technology, we can surely say that the future of computers is going to be as glorious as their history.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Public Relation Core Values Essay

Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) has extremely important core ethical values that include advocacy, honesty, expertise, independence, loyalty, and fairness. All of which will help further a public relations practitioner in their career. Every practitioner handles every job differently, in a way thats going to benefit both the company they are working for as well as the public. Honesty should be the most important core value for every practitioner. Not only should it be the most important core value in the work field, it should also be the most important core value in everyones life as well. On the other hand, practitioners tend to ignore their core values while working. One of the biggest values they tend to ignore or overlook is fairness. Mark Twain once said, â€Å"Honesty is the best policy; when there is money in it. This quote should be every public relations practitioner motto because being honest will always lead you to conducting better business with clients. Clients want honest individuals working for them because the company expects the practitioner to represent the company in a way thats going to gain the publics trust. When the public has your trust, they are going to shop at your company rather than one who puts out false advertisement and has a poor look in the publics eyes. Not only does the quotes speak for itself, but honesty is simply the best way to conduct business. Some practitioners try their hardest to provide equally fair service to every client. Fairness is a core value that all practitioners respect but is hard to do at times. When dealing with clients, employers, peers,vendors, competitors, and most important the public, its hard to keep everyone happy. Lets say a practitioner is dealing directly with a company for the release of a new product. The company producing the item may not want competitors knowing about it so they can keep the technological edge on its competitors but also at the same time they want the public to hear about what’s new. Since they manage what information the public hears, its essential what they say. No matter what they say or don’t say, someones always going to want more. With that being said, someone’s not going to be happy. Life in general isn’t always fair, so when faced with a situation that can cause grey areas with others, do what you ethically think is the right thing.

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Inventions Are Not Just Scientific Advancement but Also Cultural Practices

Technological inventions are not just scientific advancement but also cultural practices The paper is to explain Hugh Mackay’s arguments regarding how technology is always â€Å"cultural through and through†. In relation to his conceptions, cassette-based Walkman, Discman and iPod are used as examples to illustrate how technological inventions are not just scientific advancement but also cultural practices. In the book Consumption and Everyday Life published in 1997, Hugh Mackay argued that â€Å"technology is cultural through and through†, stating that every technological artifacts is totally related with and influenced by culture.The argument can be analyzed in more details by applying the case of portable music players (PMPs) to the Circuit of Culture. The Circuit consists of five major cultural processes, which are production, regulation, representation and consumption and identity of certain artifacts. The Circuit can start at any point, and one must go thro ugh every process when studying each case completely. As all parts are connected with each other, it may appear again in other parts (Martin, 2003). To begin with, the process of production is organized culturally. In the past, Sony did not intend to do market research until the Walkman is introduced.Now every companies recognize the importance of market research (will be discussed later). Besides, Sony designers enjoy great functional and occupational status that motivate their work (du Gay, P. , 1997, p. 58-59, 62-63). As the Walkman and hence Sony becomes so successful, designers and programmers in technological artifacts producers like Microsoft and Apple are highly valued. Similarly, one of the reasons that why iPod becomes popular is that Apple performs excellent market researches and provides a comfortable working environment for its designers.Representation of PMPs refers to how they are imaged and defined. Since the Walkman was initially designed for young music-listeners, its advertisements often focus on the technical qualities of the Walkman: small but with high sound quality, which is unbelievable at that time (du Gay, P. , 1997, p. 26). But then the market research shows that not only youngsters but also those who participate in outdoor activities consume the Walkman. Therefore Sony started to customize the Walkman to satisfy different markets in Japan and all over the world.For example, solar-powered, water proof and other special designs for outdoor activities are then developed for hikers and divers (du Gay, P. , 1997, p. 65-68). This not only shows that how advertising can shape a product and open new market, but also how important market research is: knowing what consumers want is the key to produce a popular product. Furthermore, although the Walkman was originally decided for portable music, but as times goes and technology advances, different consumers now use PMPs for different purposes.For example, most teenagers may use it to listen to their own music. For clergies and pious believers, they may be used to listen to the scripture or sermon. For hardworking learners, they may keep learning when they are travelling by listening to â€Å"talking-books†. Sometimes even museum or gallery visitors help themselves to focus on their trip or enhance their imagination by listening to some â€Å"scenery music†. In fact, how PMPs were consumed can show its identity. PMPs associate different people and groups with the environment differently.According to Sony’s own market research into the Walkman usage, it can be divided to two parts, namely â€Å"escape† and â€Å"enhancement†. The former one refers to the most common usage: listening to music or talking-books by PMPs while travelling, which usually provide an opportunity for one to enjoy his or her â€Å"small world†, but disconnect one from the surrounding â€Å"background music† and hence the society temporarily. The latter one refers to using PMPs to focus on one’s work or just relax, which actually help one to strengthen one’s connection to the environment or the productivity in workplace (du Gay, P. 1997, p. 92-94). While radio and television encouraging home-based consumption, PMPs has introduced a new culture of consumption and the way of listening to music: â€Å"private listening at public place†, which has blurred the difference of public and private place. In the past, it was widely accepted that â€Å"public place† refer to space shared by everyone in the community, while â€Å"private place† refer to space owned by particular person or group, say, one’s home (du Gay, P. , 1997, p. 113-114). But now, everyone with a PMP can enjoy his or her own music or channels in public place.If one plays his or her PMSs too loudly, it may disturb the one around him or her. Therefore, in some place, for example the London Underground, there exist regulations limiti ng the maximum volume of PMPs (du Gay, P. , 1997, p. 117). And in Hong Kong, there are several â€Å"quite carriages† in former KCR discouraging people from making noise in the carriages. Apart from the Circuit of Culture, the transformation from cassette-based Walkman and the Discman to iPod (and smart phone) is cultural, too.Firstly, the size of PMPs is getting smaller so that it is easier to carry in today’s busy and crowded cities. Secondly, the mode of playing and selecting music has changed, too. Using the Walkman and the Discman, one could only forward or backward the content linearly, or else one may need to make his or her own cassette or CD. But nowadays one may set up his or her own playlist by using iTunes to combine one’s favourite songs from different albums easily instead of bringing portable hardware like cassettes and CDs out.Last but not least, iPod has much more functions than the Walkman and the Discman, such as photo viewer, calendar, stopwa tch and many games. All these changes are responding the modern culture: advocating for convenience, freedom and individualism. To conclude, the production of a product is closely related with its consumption, and market research is the bridge between the two that helps customize the identity of the product and hence helps the company to represent it by advertisement.The invention of PMPs has developed a new culture of listening to music, which is a reflection of our modern culture but for the good of the community, its usage needs to be regulated so as to protect the right of every users and non-users nearby. Finally, it shows us that these technological inventions are not just scientific advancement but also about cultural practices all the time. Reference: du Gay, P. , Hall, S. , James, N. , Mackay, H. and Negus, K. 1997: Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman, London: Sage Martin, F. (ed. ) 2003: Interpreting Everyday Culture, London: Arnold. 176-178

Friday, September 13, 2019

MARKETING PLANNING; The international market place Case Study

MARKETING PLANNING; The international market place - Case Study Example This has been through given customers value for their money and offering cheaper products. Since it was established the company set out goals of becoming strong food and nonfood earlier in the UK market. Since then it has grown to be the largest online retailer in the world with more that 1 millions customer in the word. The company also set goal of diversifying its operations in the external market and a 30% of the stores are found out side the UK. The company also set out a goal of having the more loyal a committed staff in all its operation. In the international market the company has been using same strategies as it has been using in the domestic market although it has not tended to be more personal than in the domestic market. The company has been using direct marketing approach in the internal market same as it has been done in the local market. What have been the features of the international marketing strategy First it has been implementing direct marketing strategy with the aim of reaching the consumers in their homes. This has been enabled through the implementation of on line marketing in all its stores. This strategy has been focused on ensuring that consumers have access to the products of the company from their homes and that the process is simple and easy. Online marketing has been one of the most effective ways that has been used by the company to reach all customers in the international market. Through the strategy, the company can sell its products to all the consumers in the world. This strategy was first tested in the local market and has been extended in the international market. Tesco has been able to rise to become the leading online retailer in the UK. After a success initial start, the company has been able to expand its operation to all its new branches. Therefore the international marketing approach that has been used by the company has been direct marketing with a special focus to providing consumer with quality products in order to meet the basic aim of marketing. The company has been opening shops in different places in order to make sure that it meets the needs of the consumers. The company has also been using personal selling strategy to reach all the potential market. Through the strategy the company has been selling directly to the consumers. Though it has not been carrying out persons to person communication, the company has been engaging in promotion activities that are aimed at reaching all consumers.Q2. A comparison of the international and domestic marketing mix decisions within the organization There has been no much difference between the company domestic market and international market approaches. The same approaches that the company has been carrying out in the domestic market have also been employed in the international market as well. This has been due to the fact that there is similarity in all the market according to its line of operation. In this regard the company has been carrying out marketing approaches which have been aimed at selling the same products to the consumers. The company has been using a marketing approach which has been aimed at reaching its customer in the extern market. The similarity in the approaches used by the company in both market is because it has been using similar trend as has been observed in the market. Based on its

Thursday, September 12, 2019

Reflective memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflective memo - Essay Example However, after some guidance and researching I was able to grasp the concepts required in an editorial and successfully wrote one. I learnt valuable information not only on the structure of an editorial but also on other aspects such as different types of editorials and the important aspects to be included in it. This course also required a student to conduct a movie evaluation. The challenge about this is that people have different views about movies and this influences how they conduct movie evaluations. Here, I was supposed to avoid subjective views on the movie and conduct an objective evaluation, which was a challenge. However, I was able to conduct a successful movie evaluation on a film called The Blind Side. This involved watching the film more than once and picking important aspects about it such as characterization, the themes and cinematography among others. I learnt important skills and knowledge on evaluating movies in terms of the different aspects present in the movie and ensure that subjective views are kept away from the evaluation. This course also included preparing a proposal and an annotated bibliography that would be used in a final research paper. The challenge regarding putting up the proposal was on the fact that I was supposed to choose a researchable topic from a variety of topics, some of which were either redundant or non-researchable. On the annotated bibliography, the challenge involved choosing sources that could give as much information on the topic as required rather than just choosing general sources on the topic. This could only happen by choosing credible sources, something that was not easy to do. However, I overcame these challenges and successfully wrote a proposal and an annotated bibliography that I used to write the research paper. With regard to the research paper, I learnt important skills in writing a well thought out research paper that

Wednesday, September 11, 2019

Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Employment Law - Essay Example Any resolution will be complex and contested; hence from the view point of Karl Marx, Marx believed that no completely satisfactory resolution is possible without a total revolution in social-economic system. Marx could have been right but the employment law in the 21st century attempts to balance the logic of the market system with the liberal aspiration of ensuring that individuals are treated with respect and impartially, as well as, have the opportunity to construct meaningful lives. In most cases, contract laws are applied in workplaces because they are vital and are legal aspects that tend to formalize an agreement in more than two parties. Question One: Many issues arise in the workplaces especially where many employees have varied issues such as health problems and many others. Some employees have complicated health issues that may hinder effective performance of the company and Michael’s case is among the common cases arising in the contemporary workplaces. Addressing these issues in a pragmatic manner requires clear and effective understanding of contract laws. Contracts are agreements which have lawful objects entered into voluntarily by two or more parties; thus they intend to create legal obligations among the parties (Twomey, 2013, p. 87). The contract should be acceptable, have an offer, mutual consideration and it should have a legal capacity vital for creating mutuality of obligation (Collins, 2010, p. 91). The contract laws take into considerations varied range of matters such as employment terms, real property sale issues, independent contractor relationship, intellectual property issues and settlement of disputes in the workplace. The contract law demands that all workers with a contract of employment or an employment relationship should receive basic working employment conditions vital for enabling them to work effectively in the working environment. Therefore, the case of Michael should be addressed by focusing on the contract law e specially the employment conditions in the work place. Each industry has its own policies that demand employees to meet them but the labor employment law should also be taken into considerations. The contract law offer mutual recognition rules vital for assisting free movement of workers. Although these mutual recognition rules exist, more subtle impediments found in the informal practices and conventions in recruitment continue to produce much less internal movement within the workplace (Collins, 2010, 139). These principles can be challenging but only under the general principle of free movement of employees. However, in the case of Michael, there is need to focus on the contract laws and adhere to them, but the employer should not also deprive him the mandatory employment rights applicable in the state where the work is being performed. It is vital for Michael to come up with a clear agreement with the human resources about his work because health is also important for any worker working in any organization. The labor laws focus on the rights of employees including health and safety in the working places and rights; hence, the human resource manager should provide

Tuesday, September 10, 2019

American Psycho Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Psycho - Movie Review Example In this essay, Messier analyzes the paradigm related to the term, eloquently propounded by Robert Stam as â€Å"intertextual dialogism†. The relation between the literary texts and its cinematic adaptations in the recent years as claimed by Vartan has suffered from a lack of narration between the literary text and its cinematic adaptation. Vartan claims that it would be a very logo centric approach and straightforward inference if the cinematic adaptations of the literary texts are coined as â€Å"unfaithful to and/or of lesser value† in relation to their mother text from which the cinematic production has evolved without taking into consideration the huge realm of socio-cultural context upon which they evolve and get dispersed. In order to establish this content of the essay, Vartan meticulously chose one of the best cinemas of the recent times, which is an adaptation of a text. American Psycho is a novel by Bret Easton Ellis published in the year 1991. In the year 200 0, director Marry Harron prepared a film out of the Ellis’ text which Vartan and the critics following the same school of thoughts considered for a close reading. They considered both the works from a very close contour resulting into the establishment of the discourse that would give a shape to the interpretations, receptions and dispersions of both the works under a critical and ideological light. Vartan begins the paper by providing a short overview of the text, â€Å"American Psycho† by Ellis and then introduces the amount of controversy inherent within the content of the text before the essay intends to discuss the myriad ways by which the visual poetics of the novel operate as a cut-throat and dissecting critique by figuring the transition of the aesthetics related with the sexual violence which Vartan views as a potent trend in the contemporary consumer culture. Next, the essay takes a turn and launches the comparison of the text by Ellis with that of its cinema tic adaptation of Harron and intends to discuss the shortcomings inherent in the novel which shocks the audiences. Contrarily, according to Vartan, the film by Harron provides a social commentary keeping the plot of the film at a safe distance which actually facilitated it to became more soothing (Messier, â€Å"Visual Poetics, Intertextuality, and the Transfiguration of Ideology: An "Eye" for an "I" in Mary Harron's Cinematic Adaptation of Bret Easton Ellis's "American Psycho"). Vartan in order to establish the propositions suggested by him at the very outset of the essay divides the essay into four sub-sections with intriguing titles like, ‘ Shock and Scandal: American Psycho as Postmodern Pastiche’, ‘ From Pastiche to Parody, or, an â€Å"I† for an â€Å"Eye†, ‘ Transfigurations: Excess, Affect, and the Gaze’ and ‘The Politics of Adaptation: Poetics, Intertextuality, and Ideology’. These sections individually throw elabo rate light on the propositions inherent within the essay required to establish the point of Vartan effectively. The section, ‘ Shock and Scandal: American Psycho as Postmodern Pastiche’ discusses the amount of problem the film, ‘American Psycho’ was about to face long before its date of release owing to the fact that it was a cinematic adaptation of a text which was already condemned as, â€Å" sadistic, pornographic , misogynistic and loathsome†. The negative reception according to Vartan did create an inquisitive pursuit and rage to view the film as it was thought to capture a few of its turbulent sexually violent passages, but Vartan asserts that maintenance of the distance from the stark

Monday, September 9, 2019

Renewable EnergyExplore the United States history of renewable energy, Essay

Renewable EnergyExplore the United States history of renewable energy, where the country stands currently and its future outlook. Examine the problems with re - Essay Example Though there is no shortage of any non-renewable fuel, critics of their use point out that it is logically possible to use up nonrenewable fuels" (Pimental, et.al, 1994, pg. 1). If something does not change, the United States has the potential to encounter serious energy shortages before too long. The purpose of this paper is to explore the United States' history of renewable energy, where the country stands currently, its future outlook, implement current government issues and social issues on the topic, and to examine the problems with renewable energy (National Center for Policy Analysis Idea House, 2008). Water-powered systems have been used for centuries. Today, water power is used mainly to generate electricity. "For many centuries, wind power like water power has provided energy to pump water and run mills and other machines. In rural America windmills have been used to generate electricity since the early 1900s" (Pimental, et.al, 1994, pg. 1). Harvested from forests, biomass energy currently provides the United States with 4.2% of its energy supply. It is used even more prominently in other countries, especially developing countries. The sun's energy is converted into heat through solar thermal energy systems and then is used in houses, in different industrial settings, and to generate electricity. ... current usage of renewable resources is passive heating and cooling of buildings although it is not being used to its full extent as of yet (Pimental, et.al, 1994). Its Future Outlook "The use of solar energy is, however, expected to grow. Renewable energy technologies that have the potential to provide future energy supplies include: biomass systems, hydroelectric systems, hydrogen fuel, wind power, photovoltaics, solar thermal systems, and passive and active heating and cooling systems" (Pimental, et.al, 1994, pg. 1). The use of alternative liquid fuels such as ethanol, methanol, and hydrogen are also likely to pick up in the future (Bruce and Pickering, 2008). The Problems with Renewable Energy Just like non-renewable resources, renewable energy sources have their own conflicts and these are likely to increase along with the increased usage of renewable resources in the future. Some problems that are likely to occur are limited availability of land, limited abilities to harvest forest resources within the United States forcing these resources to be imported, and a growing population (Pimental, et.al, 1994). Social and Political Concerns "The first priority of a sustainable US energy program should be for individuals, communities, and industries to conserve fossil energy resources. Other developed countries have proven that high productivity and a high standard of living can be achieved with considerably less energy expenditure compared to that of the United States. Improved energy efficiency in the United States, other developed nations, and even in developing nations would help both extend the world's fossil energy resources and improve the environment" (Pimentel et al. 1994). Conclusion The purpose of this paper has been to explore the United States'

Sunday, September 8, 2019

Homelessness and the Failure of the Welfare System Essay

Homelessness and the Failure of the Welfare System - Essay Example In his time on the streets, he speaks of Billy Jack, a longtime homeless person who has recently gotten out of jail after five years. For him, being homeless is a matter of pride and a sense of place. He panhandles, he drinks wine, and he waits every morning for the Sally Ann truck to come by with breakfast and clothing. He is settled in his routine. The Parkdale recreation centre in Toronto is a shelter for the homeless, but, according to Stackhouse, public opinion does not consider these people homeless. Some have mental problems; some, such as Jim, have at least a part-time job. Jim works to supplement his disability income and believes that working is a way to be healthier. What constitutes a homeless person Is it simply a matter of not have a mailing address or is it based on income Stackhouse says: When I had set out a week earlier to live homeless, I did not expect to be eating pancakes and sausage for breakfast and pastries before bed, or to earn $20 an hour simply by sitting on the ground with a cardboard sign in front of me (233). On the other side of the coin, Stackhouse goes on to mention his surprise at how much crack passes through the shelters considered representative of public goodwill. He also makes note of the fact that as he moves from one shelter to another, he is apt to see the same people, who are also moving. Some shelters are better than others, for instance in an affluent area of Toronto, Stackhouse talks with an overnight guest, who apologizes for being there and says he knows he shouldn't be. He has a truck, hauls scrap metal to dumps, and makes about $600 to $700 a week. The problems, Stackhouse has discovered, are more psychological than physical and often not related to simply shelter for the homeless. To be homeless, according to Stackhouse, is to be without a stable environment. He quotes one homeless man in this affluent shelter who says: "This is a real traditional neighborhood (comparing it with his transient existence). I bet these people never have to go anywhere" (232). Refutation of Opposing Argument It is said by some that the homeless do not have the resources, opportunities and skills they need to go back to the main society. Jack Layton, president of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities, offers a more academic view of homelessness in his rebuttal of Stackhouse's article. But instead of looking at the specific details of Stackhouse's experience, Layton makes this a personal vendetta, ignoring the underlying implications in the reporter's series. The situations referred to by Layton are that, after one week outdoors, Stackhouse claims, according to Layton, that public resources are used by crack dealers, that beggars earn professional wages and that there is "more free food than the homeless can eat" (Layton, 235). Although Layton implies that he is quoting from the article, the phrase about free food is not even in it, which immediately weakens his argument. Layton does admit that emergency shelters alone are not the answer, but his only reference to the personal aspects of the homeless is their need for more respect. He seems to consider money and

Saturday, September 7, 2019

Public Relation Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Public Relation Research - Essay Example Consequently, the basis of defining media issues should and will always revolve around conveyance of vital, lifesaving information to the general populace in a responsible, fact-based manner which is not just strong enough but also convincing enough to motivate them to take appropriate action without subjecting them to risks. Way back in in 1992 when Hurricane Andrew paid a visit to south Florida, the residents in awe as miles and miles of traffic evacuated the people. Nonetheless, persons who missed the media report, had no information as to who was evacuating who and where. Such underlies the importance of the media and highlights what constitutes a media issue. The article â€Å"Boral demolishes another 700 jobs† highlights a major societal issues and as qualifies as a media issue. It looks at two major public interest areas hit by crisis, thanks to economic recession. These include the employment and the housing development sector. More often than not, every member of the public has interest in knowing the changing employment trends as well as the changes affecting the housing sector. These are both areas which directly touch on the day to day life of the citizens. What makes these issues of interests to the media is the public interest they elicit. The report for the case witnessed in Boral and the possibility of job losses, it is indicative of the hard economic times and spells a possibility of other related or even unrelated industries follow trend to salvage themselves. It reveals information which could have a rippling effect across the local divide. In a related piece, Wheeldon (2012) highlights not just Boral but also brings in Fletcher, both of which are construction related industry. This is a warning to the public of negative effects within the industry and the need to take contingency measures. Public relations have a lot to do with communication of occurrence to the general public. It helps the public get a clear picture of some special o ccurrence within an organization and in most cases attempt to justify the actions. This is summarized in the statement, â€Å"When a company spends hundreds of thousands or even millions of dollars to sponsor an event, it seems rather foolish to me not to spend the additional relatively small amount required to tell people you're doing so. Public relations are the final ingredient required to ensure the success of the buy; to fail to use PR seems kind of like buying a car without the engine; it still looks pretty but it won't go very far (Cox & Avila, 2008).† In general, it focuses on justifying an action taken by an organization more especially if the action taken touches on the lives of the public. In this case, the reported incident reports loss of employment to hundreds of employs and probably other many who directly relay on the ones who lose their employment. Other than the loss of employment, it justifies its position and explains that the cut will not affect its produ ction as it will focus on areas where redundancy has been recorded in the past (Kylie, 2013). This is what makes it public relations. It explains a situation, justifies the situation and explains the possible impact of the situation. A number of public concern issues are raised in the article. Primary ‘publics’ concerned with the issue A number of stakeholders are will find interest in the communications made in the article. The first groups of interested parties are the employees. The employees are